Thursday, December 26, 2019

Circus Maximus - 1976 Words

Circus Maximus It is nearly impossible to look at the field that holds the remains of the Circus Maximus and understand what it once held without the aid of a vivid reconstruction. The remains of Circus Maximus lie in the Valley between the Aventine and Palentine hill. Traditionally, the history of the Circus Maximus began with chariot races held in honor of the God Consus in a less permanent structure in the area near Consus’s altar. In later years, this lead to the construction of a circus under the first Etruscan king, Tarquinius Priscus around 600 bc. Previous to Tarquin’s intervention, an underground stream kept the valley swamp like. Tarquin diverted the water and drained the area and began to hold chariot races in the area. The†¦show more content†¦Racers were expected to remain in their chalked lanes until passing a marked break line at which time the charioteers were free to take any position on the track. The jargoning for the ideal location on the track often made racing a dangerous sport. The chariot races traditionally consisted of seven laps about the track counterclockwise. Turning posts dubbed matae consisted of 3 gilded bronze cones set atop a hemispherical shaped block. The races lasted somewhere in the realm between eight and nine minutes and the race length was measured to be near three miles. More often than not, chariots were pulled by four horses. At the beginning of the races, it is suspected that chariots were owned privately and the charioteers hired by the owners. Over time factions, a system of professional chariot racing organizations emerged. The timing of the initial use of factions is expected to have been sometime shortly after the Second Punic War. The factions seem to have emerged over time out of need rather than by a specific mandate. The amount of chariot races and popularity of the sport a public need for organization became apparent. The efficiency offered by factions was a popular solution to the inadequacy of the previous system. The faction owners had teams of workers and all sorts of resources for their athletes. The horses, chariots,Show MoreRelatedThe Circus Maximus1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe Circus Maximus The Circus Maximus, located in the Vallis Murcia (valley between the Aventine and Palatine hills) in Rome, was an ancient hippodrome and mass entertainment venue for the citizens of Rome. The Circus Maximus was first utilised for public games and entertainment by the Etruscan kings of Rome. The first games of the Ludi Romani (Roman Games) were staged there under the rule of Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth Etruscan ruler of Rome. They were in held in early September at the endRead MoreThe Life Of The Circus Maximus1823 Words   |  8 Pages the Circus Maximus do not launder just money which they skim from casinos or wherever to build up their coffers as part of a slush fund. No, they also launder other things,† mentioned Walther. â€Å"I am talking about something else besides millions of dollars in hard and liquid assets such as gold and silver bullion, gems, bank notes and securities.† â€Å"Like what?† the Wise Man asked, demanding answers. Brà ¼nnhilde began to describe to the Wise Man about the other things that the Circus Maximus considersRead MoreRome And Rome : Colosseum, Circus Maximus, And Hippodromes1610 Words   |  7 Pagesfacilities and how they were structured it can be breath taking and offer a wealth of knowledge. Some of the greatest facilities still stand today and others are being built. Some of the most famous facilities being in Greece and Rome: Colosseum, Circus Maximus, and Hippodromes. The Colosseum is one of the greatest buildings ever built. It was built around A.D. 70-72 by Emperor Vespasian (Colosseum). In A.D. 80 the Colosseum was opened up for games (Colosseum). Some of the games being played were gladiatorialRead MoreShould Animals Be Banned?1742 Words   |  7 PagesShould the Use of Animals in Circuses Be Banned? People have been flocking to see the dancing animals at the circus for ages, but how much do you really know about what goes on behind the scenes? The use of animals in the circus has a long history dating all the way back to ancient Rome. In fact, the first established circus in history, Circus Maximus, used animals. Even in those ancient times, the use of animals to entertain humans proved to be a very lucrative business. For the people that attendRead MoreThe Mistreatment of Circus Animals1561 Words   |  6 Pages Imagine being in a circus ring watching tigers and lions leaping through blazing rings of fire, elephants standing on their heads, and monkeys riding red bicycles for a colossal crowd of screaming, cheering fans. The elephant’s exhausted, worn body is swamped with intricately designed drapes. The sweet, endearing smell of fresh cotton candy and popcorn fills the air with excitement. When the show has reached the grand finale and has come to an end, a trainer a rrives with a bull hook and thrustsRead MoreExotic Animals in Entertainment: the Pros and Cons3621 Words   |  15 Pageslegal aspects, organizations involved, public image, and the controversy of the industry will be covered as the primary goal of the research. The truth behind the entertainment industry will be revealed by examining historical archives such as the Circus Maximus in Rome, studying mass media records, and laws. The research highlights the controversy pertaining to the use of exotic animals in the entertainment industry by discussing the solutions available and also the negative and positive aspects of bothRead MoreThe Roman Spectacle Of Ancient Society891 Words   |  4 Pagesfifth king of Rome in the sixth century BC commission a place for such events to take place the Circus Maximus would be constructed using the natural geography found in Rome. In between the hills Aventine and Palatine a small stream had carved out a depression. This site would become the largest sports arena the world has ever known. The Circus Maximus would seat around 100,000 spectators. The Circus was designed for chariot racing, but other events were held there, including gladiatorial combatsRead MoreRoman Entertainment1201 Words   |  5 Pageswere held for the Romans to watch. Watching was free so that everyone could come. The events held almost always involved death and destruction. There were the gladiators, the feeding of people to lions, animals fighting animals, animal hunts, animal circus acts, and mock sea battles, where the Colosseum was flooded with water. The animals used in these events were kept below the Colosseum and an estimated 5,000 animals were killed the day the Colosseum opened. The animals were kept under the ColosseumRead MoreAncient Roman Art Of Entertainment1561 Words   |  7 Pageshow they were formed or who cultivated them. Displays of mass public entertainment took on a number of different forms, from festivals such as ludi Megalenses, ludi Ceriales, to â€Å"ludi Circenses, (chariot racing in the circus) Venationes (games with animals, also in the circus, but later they took place in the amphitheater as well) and theatrical performances, ludi Scaenici† (Potter and Mattingly, 206). Although the games were religious in origin, they gradually acquired secular and political importanceRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of Ancient Rome656 Words   |  3 Pagesimportant useful invention was the aqueducts. They carried in water to drink. The water was also used for water plant that provided food. They even used water to wash away dirt to get minerals from mining. One big public entertaining place was the Circus Maximus. It could hold 150,000 people and the arena was 2,037ft in length and 387ft in width. Gladiator, chariot racing, athletics, plays, and ceremonies were held there. The Coliseum could hold 50,000 people and was 615ft long and 510ft wide. Deadly

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

European Negotiations - 2374 Words

European Negotiations Southern Candle’s Tour de France MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Assessment 1 Name: Raya Korudova Student ID: 9385584 Tutor’s Name: Ken Huxley Word Count: 1606 1. Executive Summary Possessing cultural awareness is of an extreme importance when it comes to doing business internationally. The European Negotiations Southern Candle’s Tour de France case study illustrates its significance as it points out a lot of intercultural, verbal and non-verbal communication issues between the French owner Mr. Durand and the American team of Mr. Picard. The intercultural issues include the choice of team members Mr. Picard does when going on the business trip, the†¦show more content†¦Picard is not familiar with (Jones, 2011). Mr. Picard makes prompt assumptions about Mr. Durand’s decision and confuses it with his desire to build a relationship, while he is only taking time to evaluate the proposal. In France it is accepted to be patient and make a decision after a long deliberation in comparison to America (Kenna and Lacy, 1994). Mr. Picard takes his jacket off at the business meeting which can be accepted as inappropriate due to French business attire being extremely formal unlike the American one (Kenna and Lacy, 1994). 3.2. Intercultural verbal communication issues In their first encounter in France Mr. Picard does not use any greeting French courtesy titles such as Monsieur or Madame or apologizes for that which could be considered quite impolite (Kwintessential, 2014). The meeting is wrongly perceived as argumentative by Mr. Picard, however, an intense discussion and good debating skills demonstrate intellectuality in the French culture (Kwintessential, 2014). Giving a hard sell could risk the deal. At the party the conversation held was â€Å"light†; no topics involving politics, history or culture were brought up. French people appreciate and think high of somebody who is able to maintain such conversations in an educated way (Jones, 2011). Ms. Dubois has proudly taken a compliment on her French speaking skills, but it might have been taken as a sign of immodesty by Mr. Durand as the French are usually very dignified by theirShow MoreRelatedCase Analysis - Negotiations1695 Words   |  7 PagesChemicals in Europe and Egon Zinnser the regional vice president of Reliant’s European operations. During the meeting Fontaine and Guadin stated that they appreciated the relationship that existed between Pacific and Reliant and that they would like to continue the relationship and start talking about the contract extension past December 31, 1987. Fontaine and Guadin realized that it was important to start the negotiation soon in order to deal with negative items that may come into effect. b. RecommendedRead MoreSummary Of Elizabeth Diazs I Am My Member 1505 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily of her grandfather. Living the African American experience is the usual statistical phenome of survival. The ladies in my groups the potential conflict we have a different nationalities Filipino. Mexican, White, African American, myself European Nation to resolve each potential conflict, we all are different and unique in a certain way. All we have to do is be able to compromise, like we do with family, friends, acquaintances, significant other and such. That is the only solution, becauseRead MoreThe Field Of Management : Henry Mintzberg ( 1971 )1590 Words   |  7 Pages‘ (Jones-Evans et al. 2002, p.50). The article was trying to determine how through industrial liaison officer’s they can be used to benefit and grow the small economy of low level indigenous developments, they compared the economies of the small European countries of Sweden and Ireland. It was found that with the implementation of a liaison officer in universities the countries were able to have the best possible chance at positive transfer of technologies ‘It was accepted that increasing the collab orationRead MoreThe Season Of The Nhl Hockey Season1425 Words   |  6 Pagessalary cap during contract negotiations. Could the cancelled season have been prevented? Would there be an agreement for the 2005-2006 NHL season and beyond? If both sides in the negotiations could not reach an agreement and salvage the season, how must the two parties overcome the barriers (Trotschel, Loschelder, Huffmeier, Schwartz, Gollwitzer, 2011) to end the lockout? A thorough analysis of the terms, barriers and powers delineated throughout the negotiation process will show that a moreRead MoreEssay on Norwegian Business Culture1651 Words   |  7 Pagesfriendly people, most Norwegians have a reserved communication style, compared to Latin Europeans, Latin Americans, Arabs, and North Americans. Whereas people from more expressive cultures employ numerous vigorous hand and arm gestures and animated facial expressions during negotiations, Norwegians use fewer gestures and less lively facial expre ssions. This characteristic can lead to confusion during negotiations with more expressive counterparts, who sometimes misinterpret Norweigan reticence as lackRead More3. What are the primary underlying interests? Joe Tech (employee): - Wants to be in the business1000 Words   |  4 Pagesactivity during the summer as the terabit router group prepares for the fall purchasing season; concerned that Joe will seek a delayed start date for his already-mentioned vacation plans, would rather offer him something in return for giving up his European trip. 4. What are my limits on each issue – walkaway points and BATNAs? Joe Tech (employee): - Salary/ Title: $83,000 (88-5) (min.), $101,000+ (max.) - Assignment: associate product manager (min.), product manager or product manager in businessRead MoreCase Study : The Pacific Oil Company1562 Words   |  7 Pagesformula price was extremely favorable†. (Lewicki, 2010, p. 592) With that said, Pacific began renegotiations on their current contract with Reliant in order to extend the terms of the contract five additional years. Summary The members on both negotiation teams had distinct strengths and weaknesses that were clearly identified during the deliberation process. Specifically, the Pacific team strengths included; first and foremost a long-standing history of product quality and delivery. Fontaine hadRead MoreRock-N-Roll Part 11242 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of Phoenix MGT557 class Team B role-played the characters Jimmy, Tinny, and Janice of The Negotiators, and an agent from the firm Agent-town to understand the complexities of how agents, constituencies, and audiences communicate during negotiations. The authors describe their experiences with how The Negotiators agreed on increase percentages, how the band members managed their agent, how Agent-town managed the constituencies and audiences, and how all parties agreed to an increase percentageRead MoreCase Analysis : The Pacific Oil Company Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Contract negotiations can be time consuming, complex and risky, and require throrough preparation as well as the skillful use of negotiation strategies and tactics to achieve a successful outcome. In this paper, I will present an case study analysis where one party believed they were entering into a collaborative negotiation process. They were overconfident and ill prepared and did not manage the adroit negotiation tactics the other party employed. They made numerous concessions overRead MoreNegotiation Process in Poland1036 Words   |  5 PagesTrust building in Poland. Poland is said to be one of the fastest growing country in European Union. The elderly people can be conservative because they were brought up in â€Å"communist times† when economy was centrally planned by the government. But new generation - young people are very open-minded. Relationship and respect All people in Poland feel they belong to one group. However it does not mean that those people are not individualistic. The great success in business interactions can

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Cultural Safety in Older People for Health Care Experiences

Question: Discuss about theCultural Safety in Older People for Health Care Experiences. Answer: Introduction The concept of cultural safety had come from the health care experiences of the maori nurses. The term cultural safety can be can be related to the concept of cultural competence or culture specific care but is sometimes interpreted as addressing of the ethnic or the cultural needs of the clients. It is a concept for ensuring people of different cultural background to feel safe in their experiences. The relevance of the aged care to cultural safety is more relevant to ethnicity. It is about disability, gender, religion, socio economic sector. Cultural safety becomes critical while providing care to some aged patients belonging to different community. If the cultural elements are primarily designed or influenced by religion, then the matter of cultural competence comes in to play (Slade et al., 2014). The aged population may have several predetermined notions that can act as barriers from getting the patient centered care. The proportion of the aged people in New Zealand is growing mu ch more rapidly and the augmentation of the aged population in Maori and the pacific will become significant in the next 50 years. This assignment will critically reflect on a care scenario involving an 85 year old maori individual who had faced a few cultural safety issues while receiving the heath care. Assessment: Cultural safety can be defined as the practice principle in any care providing scenario that respects different cultures and their traditional norms, all the while providing a dignified and inclusive treatment to the culturally diverse individuals. On a more elaborative note, cultural safety can be defined as the process that provides the culturally diverse individuals with the opportunity to understand the worth their culture and tradition and be able to respect their own culture. It has to be mentioned in this context that the concept of cultural safety is integrally associated with the different aspects of health (Mathieson et al., 2012). The aboriginals especially have a very different idea of health and often the mainstream clinical trajectories intersperse with the traditional concepts of healing. Hence in this process of the cultural safety of the different individuals belonging to different cultural backgrounds are violated. In this case year study that is going to be critica lly assessed in this assignment the patient had been Suzanne, a 70 year old woman who had been presented to the health care facility due to suicidal attempt. The assessment discovered that the patients had been suffering from depression ever since she lost her husband 5 years ago and attempted to take her own life n the 5th death anniversary of her husband. Further assessment discovered that the patient had been living alone in her home with no one to care for her. She had two daughters; both of them lived away from the city and rarely could make the time for coming to their hometown and visited her. Hence living alone in the city affected her psych and the psychological burden of her living alone after the death of her husband had affected her significantly. Subjective assessment of the patient revealed that she had been suffering from self harming tendencies for past few months however she never sought out mental health care neither did she visit any of the community care services. On further inquiry she was not able to communicate with most of our emergency care team, and had appeared very agitated and scared. However with the intervention from the aboriginal language experts, it was discovered that she did not find any flaw in wanting to end her life and she felt she does not require any mental health care. She further informed us t hat she had been feeling that the purpose of her life had been lost for years and she would need to pay for hers sins now and no health care will be able to impact any effect, her destiny is clear to her. Critical analysis The culture and the ethnicity of the older population of the Maori community are quite different for the other older people and generally make them unique in comparison to the other community. Health care field deals with people belonging from different cultural backgrounds. It is vital for the differences in culture with respect to elderly population. Difference in culture play a major role in elderly care, as it is the health care professionals who have to realize the values and the life style of different people. Knowledge of the various cultural values would make the caregivers or other health care professionals to deliver the type of care. It is not that cultural safety should be only be confined to the health care sector but should be taken care of in every phases of life. Caring for the elderly people belonging from diversified cultural backgrounds can be challenging and can be as the behavior of a person is entirely shaped by the ways people interact with the person of their own culture. Information of what can arise while caring for a culturally diverse set up may help in increase awareness among the caregivers and helps in managing and avoiding the misunderstandings that can arise due to some cultural clash. Cultural safety is a concern for almost all the caregivers as it acts as a tool to learn about the beliefs, tradition and provide respect to those beliefs and traditions. Clients and the families would work hand in hand to bring out a clear picture to about the cultural needs of the older people (Durie, 2011). It has to be mentioned in this context that the Maori understanding of health and life in general differs drastically from the basic health care understandings, there are various traditional beliefs and values regarding the health and wellbeing, the impact of spiritual factors also play a pivotal role in defining the conception and ideas of what constitutes health and wellbeing. In case of the concepts of mental health, the values and beliefs overlap further. In the traditional concepts mental health is associated with spirituality and emotional connection, and the understanding of mental health is more flawed in the aboriginals. According to the Trauer (2010), the suicide rate among the Maori women had been increasing rapidly in the past few decades and one of the greatest reasons behind this massive increase can be the fact that the mental health literacy is extremely flawed and overlapping with the traditional understanding of spiritual and emotional wellbeing. Most of the Maori w omen do not recognize depression as a mental health issue; rather the depressed state is believed to be the sins of the past life haunting the present life (Dulin et al., 2012). Verbalization of the medical concepts may be one of the barriers as different cultures view diseases or how the human body functions differently. One culture may be fine with relinquishing the total control to the caregivers, whereas some of the cultures may depend more on the traditional cultures of healing. Elderly people often hold strong beliefs regarding the traditional health care beliefs. In most of the cases elderly clients who are not enough educated, in the absence of any malaise or pain or any other diagnostic symptoms holds no meaning to them. One of the greatest barriers along with the spiritual and traditional misconception of mental health and need for mental health care, the communicational barrier acts as the most important challenge for the under- diagnosis and neglect of the mental health of the Maori women. The lack of culturally competent communication framework in the health care facility and the inherent discrimination and stigmatization in the health care staf f restricts the Maori women from seeking out mental health care when they need it. In this case, the patient under consideration had not been able to identify her deteriorating mental health on her own. The lack of mental health literacy and the fear of lack of cultural safety restricted her from ever seeking out mental health care (Das-Munshi et al., 2010). Instead, she felt her increasing self harming and suicidal tendencies to be the result of her own sins and opted for ending her life, rather than seeking out the mental health care she needed and was entitled to. Interventions: The primary aim of the interventions should be to develop an integrated approach for the health and the disability support in compliance with the changing needs of the older people. The key elements for an integrated approach are the services that should be older client focused; the model for the wellness is promoted. There should be smooth information sharing between the services. The Development of the Health of older people strategy is one of the key policies to in the New Zealand Positive Ageing strategy action plan for 2012 and 2013. The health of older people strategy focuses on improvement of the health status, promoting the quality of life when the health cannot be restored, reducing the inequalities and promotion of the participation of the aged people in social life and taking decisions regarding the health care and the disability support provision (Wepa, 2012). In order to maintain the cultural safety in case of the older patients, people needs to there are certain aspects such as the educational backgrounds, literacy levels, gender income, that might affect the health status of the elderly clients. In order to be more competent in providing a culturally safe care to the patient, caregivers should strive to be aware of his/ her own cultural values and should be able to recognize on how they respond to care. One needs to be aware of the historic events of a specific ethnographic group for understanding how it might have been affecting them through stereotyping, discrimination or oppression (Kirmayer, 2012). It is recommended to speak in calm, slow, polite and simple languages for conveying information to the elderly people. Listening to the older people actively and gently asking open ended questions to them helps in creating therapeutic interpersonal relationships. Intimidating behaviors towards the senior clients should be avoided, especially those from the non western cultures. Again some families are not very supportive in disclosing the complicated condition to the terminally ill patients; the care givers should be able to check the information with the family members (Smye, Josewski Kendall, 2010). It has to be understood that in this case the patient under the case study had been dealing with depression and she had not been able to communicate her issues due to the language barrier and traditional understanding of mental health. Hence, the health care professional providing the health care to the patient needed to be educated on resilience and patience to calm the agitated patient and make her comfortable so that she can freely share her problems and issues with the care provider. Along with that, a cultural liaison officer and language interpreter had been included to the interdisciplinary care team put together for the patient under consideration. Lastly, the care professionals with the help of the language interpreter and the cultural liaison officer were instructed to develop a therapeutic relationship with the patient with casual engaging conversations so that the patient feels at ease. Followed by which the care professionals were instructed to coerce the patient to unde rstanding the need for mental health care and counseling along with the philosophical educational therapists all the while being very careful to providing ultimate cultural safety to the patient. Second assessment: The patient slowly but steadily opened up to the team and with the assistance of the aboriginal health worker the patient was able to voice her discomfort and issues effectively. The educational plans were successful and the patient understood the concept of depression and impaired mental health and rediscovered the value of her life. The patient understood the impact of depression on self worth and the will to lie and could easily distinguish between the overlapping traditional norms and notions and the reality of mental health care needs. The patient, empowered by the cultural safety and assistance began taking counseling session and was soon discharged with a community counseling care plan and regular mental health checkups. Philosophical interventions and educational theories: Malcolm Knolwes have introduced the term andragogy which can be defined as the art and the science of assisting the adults to learn. It has already been mentioned that adults are independent and are self directing; they have accumulated a great deal of experience which can be considered as a rich source of learning. They can value the learning that integrates with the demand of their everyday life. The principles of Andragogy would help to establish an effective learning climate, where the learners can feel safe and comfortable while expressing themselves. According to Knowles, Holton III and Swanson (2014) the principles would help to trigger internal motivations. It helps the learners, which in this case are the adults that help to identify the resources, which would help them to formulate their own learning objectives. Authors have expressed concern that there is a need of theoretical framework in order to foster education for cultural safety among the health care professionals. A ccording to McEldowney and Connor (2011), the health care professionals should be able to recognize racism in their society. It has to be understood in this context that the understanding of andragogy depends on the adult learning, and the theory of andragogy and adult learning provides an easy framework of 5 principles. On a more elaborative note, there are 5 particular principles, self concept, adult learning experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learning, motivation to learn. Now each of the different principles relates effectively with the patient educational scenario involving any culturally diverse patient. Cultural safety is the first and foremost important aspect of the entire care scenario involving any culturally diverse patients, even in the sector for patient education (Aliakbari et al., 2015). The first principle in this case relates to the self concept where the ideas and principles of the patients is analyzed and respected all the while being modified from being dependent on cultural norms and ideas to being focused on reality and practicality. In the very next principle the patient is encouraged based on her new found insights to further develop the learning experience of the patients. Now this principle depends on the following three principles, readiness to learn, orientation to learn and motivation to learn. In patient education scenario, the above mentioned three principles depends entirely on the level of understanding that the patients has attained in the first step and effectively the educator has achieved to instill practical knowledge and understanding in the patient. Hence the learning experience of the patient will depend on how far the methods of motivational persuasion of the educator have helped to burst the psychotic bubble of traditional concepts and superstition. Although the key to optimal utilization of the learning experience is to provide optimal cultural safety to the patient, if the cultural identity of the patient is not threatened in any manner the culturally diverse individuals will be inevitably be more willing to participate in the educational process (Knowles, Holton III Swanson, 2014). The next adult learning theory that can be applied to the concept of philosophical intervention for mental patients, especially for the culturally diverse patients is the constructivist theory of learning. This adult learning theory is based on the combination of theory of behaviorism and information processing in adults. This learning theory has been based on the learners realizing the realities and practical beliefs of the world and how the adults can attain that reality based knowledge all the while being independent on the preconceived notions of the mind. In this theory, the objective world view of the learner is not considered as the ultimate truth, rather the learner is encouraged t compare and contrast their personal objective reality with the reality of the world based on practicality and reasoning (Brandon All, 2010). This particular ideology helps the learner to understand the basic flaws of their own preconceived notions when compared to the stark reality of the happenin gs of life with respect to the science behind it. According to the authors, this theory is the most effective and applicable theory when changing the behaviors and thoughts based on cultural norms and understanding. It has to be understood that the cultural safety is the most important aspect when caring for the aboriginals. Even in case of the patient education for bursting the cultural and traditional myths for the patient must not follow a procedure that will involve any aspect that will hurt the cultural and traditional understanding of the patients. This theory provides a framework to change behaviors and understanding by providing a comparison between the falsified objective reality of the learner and then comparing it with the reasonability and practicality. It has the minimal chance of hurting or violating the cultural safety of the aboriginal patients and hence this theory of education can easily be utilized in the process of philosophical intervention for culturally divers e patients (Brandon All, 2010). Discussion: Hence, patient education plays a pivotal role in changing the worldview and perceptions of the aboriginal patients. In this case, the Maori patient Suzanne was only on verge of ending her own life because she had no better understanding of what mental illness constitutes and how she can get help to improve her mental health. As a result, instead o seeking out mental health care, the traditional superstitious norms and the fear of discrimination and rejection help her captive with her disabled mental health and drove her towards taking her own life. In such cases reaching out to these unfortunate backward women is very important. The lack of health literacy does not only lead to un-diagnosis of a variety of mental health disorders of the Maori individuals, but also leads to misdiagnosis and exacerbation of various other health conditions (Knowles, Holton III Swanson, 2014). Hence, the importance of health education and philosophical interventions are more crucial in the aboriginal or ethnic care scenario. It has to be mentioned that the promotional education campaigns can only be effective if the cultural safety is maintained at all costs, for the traditional communities, their cultural identity and traditional roots are intricately associated with their dignity and existence (Henschke, 2011). Hence, the health promotional campaigning will only be helpful if their cultural identity is respected while their views and concepts on heath are being altered. The educational theories mentioned can help in maintaining cultural safety while helping the patients realize the practicality and reasonability of mental illness and sickness in general. References Aliakbari, F., Parvin, N., Heidari, M., Haghani, F. (2015). Learning theories application in nursing education.Journal of education and health promotion,4. Arieli, D., Friedman, V. J., Hirschfeld, M. J. (2012). Challenges on the path to cultural safety in nursing education.International Nursing Review,59(2), 187-193. Bcares, L., Cormack, D., Harris, R. (2013). Ethnic density and area deprivation: Neighbourhood effects on M?ori health and racial discrimination in Aotearoa/New Zealand.Social Science Medicine,88, 76-82. Brandon, A. F., All, A. C. (2010). Constructivism theory analysis and application to curricula.Nursing Education Perspectives,31(2), 89-92. Brannelly, T., Boulton, A., te Hiini, A. (2013). A relationship between the ethics of care and M?ori worldviewthe place of relationality and care in Maori mental health service provision.Ethics and Social Welfare,7(4), 410-422. Brougham, D., Haar, J. M. (2013). Collectivism, cultural identity and employee mental health: A study of New Zealand M?ori.Social Indicators Research,114(3), 1143-1160. Das-Munshi, J., Becares, L., Dewey, M. E., Stansfeld, S. A., Prince, M. J. (2010). Understanding the effect of ethnic density on mental health: multi-level investigation of survey data from England.BMJ,341, c5367. Dulin, P. L., Gavala, J., Stephens, C., Kostick, M., McDonald, J. (2012). Volunteering predicts happiness among older M?ori and non-M?ori in the New Zealand health, work, and retirement longitudinal study.Aging Mental Health,16(5), 617-624. Durie, M. (2011). Indigenizing mental health services: New Zealand experience.Transcultural Psychiatry,48(1-2), 24-36. Durie, M. (2013). Puahou: A five part plan for improving Maori mental health.He Pukenga Korero,3(2). Henschke, J. A. (2011). Considerations regarding the future of andragogy.Adult Learning,22(1), 34-37. Kirmayer, L. J. (2012). Rethinking cultural competence. Knowles, M. S., Holton III, E. F., Swanson, R. A. (2014).The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development. Routledge. Mark, G. T., Lyons, A. C. (2010). Maori healers' views on wellbeing: The importance of mind, body, spirit, family and land.Social Science Medicine,70(11), 1756-1764. Mathieson, F., Mihaere, K., Collings, S., Dowell, A., Stanley, J. (2012). Maori cultural adaptation of a brief mental health intervention in primary care.Journal of primary health care,4(3), 231-238. McEldowney, R., Connor, M. J. (2011). Cultural safety as an ethic of care: A praxiological process.Journal of Transcultural Nursing,22(4), 342-349. Newnham, E. A., Page, A. C. (2010). Bridging the gap between best evidence and best practice in mental health.Clinical psychology review,30(1), 127-142. Newton-Howes, G., Lacey, C. J., Banks, D. (2014). Community treatment orders: the experiences of Non-Maori and Maori within mainstream and Maori mental health services.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology,49(2), 267-273. Simpson, A. I., Penney, S. R. (2011). The recovery paradigm in forensic mental health services.Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health,21(5), 299-306. Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G., ... Whitley, R. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery?oriented practices in mental health systems.World Psychiatry,13(1), 12-20. Smye, V., Josewski, V., Kendall, E. (2010). Cultural safety: An overview.First Nations, Inuit and Mtis Advisory Committee,1, 28. Trauer, T. (Ed.). (2010).Outcome measurement in mental health: theory and practice. Cambridge University Press. Wepa, D. (Ed.). (2015).Cultural safety in Aotearoa New Zealand. Cambridge University Press. Wilson, D., Baker, M. (2012). Bridging two worlds: M?ori mental health nursing.Qualitative health research,22(8), 1073-1082.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Welfare and Individual Responsibility

Introduction The U.S. welfare system has grown overtime from a government run system to a state run system. The rationale behind this shift is that a state run function provides a better welfare system that sufficiently addresses the needs of those involved.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Welfare and Individual Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This includes the taxpayers who ultimately raise funds for the welfare programs. States have the discretion to prescribe the eligibility criteria and determine the length of time a family may benefit from welfare. Nevertheless, the fundamental ethical issues behind welfare still prevail. The greatest ethical issue that raises a heated debate is the extent to which individuals should be held responsible for their own well-being. According to Federal Safety Net (2013), the U.S. welfare system places the middle class ahead of individuals in severe poverty. Othe r people argue that the welfare system tends to take away pride from the able poor and fails to assist them escape poverty. Accordingly, the compassion given to the â€Å"poor† may send some signal that the so called poor are not capable of moving beyond their plight (Federal Safety Net, 2013). Application of Virtue Ethics Virtue ethics is very essential in the welfare system. According to Aristotle, a person’s quality of life is dependent on his or her ability to accomplish minimum human goals (Sumner, 1996, p.110). The ultimate goal of all human beings is to have a good, independent life. Many states have programs that focus on promoting employment for individuals so that they may stop relying on welfare. Virtue ethics concentrates on the significance of beating bad character traits such as selfishness and laziness. Rather than focusing on prescribed rules and ways of solving problems, virtue ethics concentrates on assisting people to acquire good habits such as comp assion. Aristotle further suggests that good habits enable people to control their feelings and reason. As a result, a person arrives at morally right decisions when confronted with hard choices. The parties involved in the welfare process should embrace virtue ethics so that they invoke morality in decision-making processes. The government should also use ethical principles in making choices regarding the eligibility and length of time an individual is to benefit from the welfare program. The problem with virtue ethics is that it is very difficult to determine good character traits. This is because people view things differently. Application of Care Ethics Care ethics puts emphasis on the interdependence of individuals (Jawad, 2012, p. 24). In addition, the theory promotes the significance of relationships within families and communities. Care ethics proposes that some individuals are more vulnerable than others.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Proponents of this theory argue on the basis of Carol Gilligan’s assertion that girls and women view morality from an empathic and caring perspective in interpersonal relationships. This theory encourages altruism, which involves caring for others’ needs and feelings. Unlike the Kantian and Platonic theories, care ethics does not separate moral thoughts from feelings (Jawad, 2012, p. 33). Care ethics is also different from the libertarian theory which encourages individual independence. Those who argue in support of welfare claim that self-interest is not the only thing that motivates people’s actions (Westfall, 1997). Human beings have an inherent duty of promoting the welfare of the society and its members. Accordingly, stable members naturally have an indomitable willingness to work and support the poor to pick up themselves and act in the same respect toward other members. Critics of care ethics con tend that the theory focuses on care without putting much inquiry into individuals giving or receiving the same. This theory does not settle claims that the welfare program puts the middle class ahead of the extremely poor people. Furthermore, care ethics fails to determine whether the relationships among care-givers and care-receivers are just (Jawad, 2012, p. 56). Conclusion There is no universally accepted way of evaluating ethical issues. Different theories attempt to solve different ethical problems. The utilitarian theory, which proposes the greatest happiness for the greatest number (Waller, 2011, p. 44, 87), can be applied in solving the welfare problem. The main purpose of utilitarianism is to maximize happiness and minimize suffering. Essentially, individuals make decisions in line with what causes them greatest pleasure. They only engage in what pleases them when given an opportunity. Some people can take advantage of the welfare system so that they receive maintenance wi thout working. Both â€Å"act utilitarianism† and â€Å"rule utilitarianism† place a great emphasis on the probable consequence of one’s actions (Waller, 2011, p.88). To some scholars, care ethics may pose a great temptation to individuals with self-interest motivation so that they choose not to work. The care ethic cannot exist on its own since it increases the chances of oppression or exploitation of care-givers. Individuals in a society expect from others, and themselves, behavior that promotes the well-being of all members. Utilitarianism advocates for individualism. This implies that the only morally relevant measure is individual welfare (Sumner, 1996, p. 67). Basing on the critical assumption that human utility is commensurable in some way and that it can be divided among individuals, welfare should be distributed in a manner that maximizes happiness and minimizes suffering.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Welfare and Individual Res ponsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Federal Safety Net. (2013, June). Welfare Ethics. Retrieved from http://federalsafetynet.com/welfare-ethics.html Jawad, R. (2012). Religion and Faith-Based Welfare: From Wellbeing to Ways of Being. Bristol: The Policy Press. Sumner, L. W. (1996). Welfare, Happiness and Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Waller, B.N. (2011). Consider Ethics: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Westfall, J. (1997). The Welfare of the Community. Issues in Ethics, 8(3). Retrieved from https://legacy.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v8n3/welfare.html This essay on Welfare and Individual Responsibility was written and submitted by user L1ndsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.